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The Puzzle of Long-Term versus Short-Term Expectations. Time-series and cross-sectional variation in individuals’ beliefs regarding the distribution of returns play a central role in household finance, rational asset pricing models, and behavioral asset pricing models.
22 de mar. de 2024 · Long-Term vs. Short-Term Orientation This dimension looks at the extent to which people are willing to forego short-term gains for future rewards, in particular, by emphasizing the virtues of persistence, saving, and thrift.
Below are some characteristics of the two opposing sides of this dimension: Long term orientation. -persistence. -ordering relationships by status and observing this order. -thrift. -having a sense of shame. Short term orientation. -personal steadiness and stability. -protecting your ‘face’.
Countries with a long-term orientation tend to be pragmatic, modest, and more thrifty. In short-term oriented countries, people tend to place more emphasis on principles, consistency and truth, and are typically religious and nationalistic.
24 de oct. de 2023 · Hofstede’s initial six key dimensions include power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism-collectivism, masculinity-femininity, and short vs. long-term orientation. Later, researchers added restraint vs. indulgence to this list.
2 de oct. de 2018 · Hofstede (1980) originally provided country scores for four dimensions of national culture: Power Distance (vs. Closeness), 3 Uncertainty Avoidance (vs. Acceptance), Individualism versus Collectivism, and Masculinity versus Femininity. Country scores for the fifth and sixth dimension, Long-Term (vs. Short-Term) Orientation (LTO) and Indulgence ...
In the comparison scales used by Professor Hofstede, he included 6 major elements: IVR (indulgence versus restraint), LTO (long-term orientation vs. short-term orientation), UAI (uncertainty avoidance index), MAS (masculinity vs. femininity), IDV (individualism vs. collectivism), and PDI (power distance index) (Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions The...
